– false imprisonment – неправомерное лишение свободы
– infliction of emotional distress – причинение эмоционального расстройства
– injunction – судебный запрет
– interference with a contract – вмешательство в контракт
– invasion of privacy – нарушение личной жизни
– legal duty – правовая обязанность, договорная обязанность
– libel – клевета письменно или через печать
– misuse of legal procedure – злоупотребление судопроизводством
– negligence – небрежность
– nuisance – нарушение покоя, вред, источник вреда, «зловредность» (в частности, причинение собственнику недвижимости помех и неудобств в пользовании ею)
– proximate cause – непосредственная причина
– punitive damages – штрафные убытки, убытки, присуждаемые в порядке наказания
– doctrine respondeat superior– доктрина «пусть принципал отвечает»
– slander – устная клевета
– strict liability – строгая ответственность; объективная ответственность (независимо от наличия вины)
– survival statute – закон о признании основания иска действительным независимо от смерти стороны
– tort – деликт, гражданское правонарушение
– tortfeasor – причинитель вреда, делинквент; правонарушитель
A tort is a private wrong that injures another person's physical well-being, property, or reputation. A person who commits a tort is called a tortfeasor. The other party is alternately referred to as the injured party, the innocent party, or the victim. If a lawsuit has been filed, the injured party is called the plaintiff and the tortfeasor is called the defendant.
The primary purpose of tort law is to compensate the innocent party by making up for any loss suffered by that victim. Another objective is to protect potential victims by deterring future tortious behavior. Criminal law involves a public wrong, that is, a wrong that affects the entire society. When a crime is committed, government authorities begin legal actions designed to remove the offender from society. It is possible, however, for a single act to be both a tort and a crime.
Businesspeople must be especially aware of tort law because of the doctrine of respondeat superior (let the master respond). That doctrine may impose legal liability on employers and make them pay for the torts committed by their employees within the scope of the employer's business.
No legal liability can be imposed against an individual unless two elements are present: the first element is duty, which is an obligation placed on individuals because of the law; the second element is a
