Английский язык. Практический курс для решения бизнес-задач | страница 29

JIT

kanban

batch size

safety stocks

long-term partnership relations with suppliers

elimination of variety

shorter cycle-times

quality circles

elimination of waste

problem-solving

lean manufacturing

commitment to excellence

Exercise 3. Compare the American and Japanese management principles along the following lines.

Exercise 4*. Fill in the blanks using terms given below.

The Characteristics of the Japanese Approach to Business

The system of…….. in the large organizations is called Nenko Seido. This means:

– guaranteed employment until……… at 55;

– promotion and……….. by seniority;

– an internal labor market meaning………. from within the company;

– extensive…….. with an emphasis on long-term behavior, attitudes and performance;

– extensive……… package, which is regarded as a right and incorporates the needs of the workers’ family;

– pay which starts off low, but rises dramatically with……….

Nenko workers in Japan are the privileged………. This system only applies to male……., and there are many smaller non– Nenko organizations, which service and supply their big brothers. The role of the non– Nenko organizations in the economy is to provide the……….. and lower………, achieved by lower wages, absence of job security, pensions, sick leaves, welfare benefits and bonuses.

The second distinctive characteristic of Japanese business is the fundamental importance of the group. Work is divided and allocated to groups, not individuals. The groups operate as specialists in dealing with………, but within the team the worker is regarded as a………… who will……… between jobs………. in company practices, rather than acquiring a specific technical skill.

The third feature, which is typical of Japanese corporation, is a very tight centralized control based on…………, which are linked to detailed planning. Also stringently controlled from the center is the……….. of trainee managers, who will ultimately be trusted to carry the company forward into the future.

Control is also indicative throughout the entire organization, particularly at an………… when applied to quality and technical……….. The concept of total quality management means a………. to a continuous improvement program and a strong…… on efficiency achieved by investment in the most modern plant and machinery available.

Managers adopt………. style of leadership and supervision. The manager will be the representative of the group as well as a technical…….. Despite the………. role that the individual plays to the group, consultation and consensus are seen as vital before decisions are made and action taken. There is much interaction and evolution in the……….. of new ideas and directions. Slow……… and tolerance of operating in ambiguous situations is normal. This is the direct opposite to what might be found in some western organizations where direct and decisive action taken by individual leaders operating without consultation and consensus is the norm.