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| 4 | Only adult heirs must pay the inheritance tax | |
| 5 | Taxes can't be raised without the barons' consent | |
| 6 | You couldn't be forced to build bridges | |
| 7 | Every man has the right to a fair trial | |
| 8 | The king can't force a widow to marry against her wish | |
TASK 3
Watch and listen to identify emotions.
1. What feeling do the rebels demonstrate at their first meeting? Second (with the Bishop of Canterbury)?
2. Who do you think was the leader of the rebels? Can you identify him by his manner of speaking?
3. What emotions did King John feel when he first heard of the rebels approaching London?
When he was signing the Charter?
DEVELOPING LOGICAL THINKING SKILLS
Logical thinking (LT) is an intellectual skill which is equally vital for both a speaker and a writer who aim to present a convincing case for their opinion. Flaws in LT can seriously weaken one's position in a debate or in a piece of writing, so it's time to have a closer look at what they are and how to avoid them.
TASK 1
Read the extract from the book ‘Plato and a Platypus Walk into a Bar. Understanding philosophy through jokes' by Thomas Cathcart and Daniel Klein (chapter “Logic”). What are the main tools of logical thinking according to the authors?
Inductive logic reasons from particular instances to general theories. [.] If you observe enough apples falling from trees, you will conclude that apples always fall down, instead of up or sideways. You might then form a more general hypothesis that includes other falling bodies, like pears. This is the progress of science.
In the annals of literature, no character is as renowned for his powers of “deduction” as the intrepid Sherlock Holmes, but the way Holmes operates is not generally by using deductive logic at all. He really uses inductive logic. First, he carefully observes the situation, then he generalizes from his prior experience, using analogy and probability, as he does in the following story:
Holmes and Watson are on a camping trip in the middle of the night. Holmes wakes up and gives Dr. Watson a nudge.
“Watson,” he says, “look up in the sky and tell me what you see.”
“I see millions of stars, Holmes,” says Watson.
“And what do you conclude from that, Watson?”
Unit I. UK: from Empire to Democracy
Unit I. UK: from Empire to Democracy
Watson thinks for a moment. “Well,” he says,
“Astronomically, it tells me that there are millions of galaxies and potentially billions of planets. Astrologically, I observe that Saturn is in Leo. Horologically, I deduce that the time is approximately a quarter past three. Meteorologically, I suspect that we will have a beautiful day tomorrow. Theologically, I see that God is all-powers, and we are small and insignificant. Uh, what does it tell you, Holmes?”
