12 Wheatley, M.B., Rud, E., Warren, R.L., Holt, R.A., Surette, M.G., and Power, C. (2013), ‘Brain microbial populations in HIV/AIDS: a-proteobacteria predominate independent of host immune status’, PLOS One 8(1): e54673, journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal. pone.0054673
13 Kong, F., and Singh, R.P. (2008), ‘Disintegration of solid foods in human stomach’, Journal of Food Science, Vol. 73(5): R67–80, www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/18577009
14 Rao, J.N., and Wang, J.Y. (2010), ‘Intestinal architecture and development’, in Regulation of Gastrointestinal Mucosal Growth (Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences, San Rafael, California), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK54098
15 Stephen, A.M., and Cummings, J.H. (1980), ‘The microbial contribution to human faecal mass’, Journal of Medical Microbiology, Vol. 13(1), pp.45–56, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7359576
16 FARE – Food Allergy Research and Education, ‘Food allergy basics: facts and statistics’, www.foodallergy.org/facts
17 In the study, type-I diabetes had risen from 1.5 cases per 1,000 children in 2002 to 2.3 cases per 1,000 in 2013. Diabetes Care, 17 December, 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20160104205615/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/ medlineplus/news/fullstory_156281.html
18 Celiac Disease Foundation, ‘What is celiac disease?’, celiac.org/celiac-disease/what-is-celiac-disease
19 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Overweight and Obesity Statistics www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/Pages/overweight-obesity-statistics.aspx
20 NHS Choices (2016), ‘Heartburn and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)’, www.nhs.uk/conditions/Gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/ Pages/Introduction.aspx
21 Clemente, J.C., Pehrsson, E.C., Blaser, M.J., Sandhu, K., Gao, Z., Wang, B., Magris, M., et al. (2015), ‘The microbiome of uncontacted Amerindians’, Science Advances 1(3) pii: e1500183, advances.sciencemag.org/ content/1/3/e1500183
22 Bailey, L.C, Forrest, C.B., Zhang, P., Richards, T.M., Livshits, A., DeRusso, PA. Association of antibiotics in infancy with early childhood obesity. JAMA Pediatrics, 168 (11), pp.1063-9, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/25265089
23 Van Boeckel, T.P., Brower, C, Gilbert, M., Grenfell, B.T., Levin, S.A., Robinson, T.P., et al. (2015), ‘Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 112(18), pp.5649–54, www.pnas.org/content/112/18/5649.abstract
